Forestry
Forestry
-goal: to harvest resources while minimizing effects on the rest of the ecosystem. -ecologically sensitive areas are carefully monitored and protected, resources are harvested selectively. -ecosystems are complex, so choosing which areas to protect and which to harvest is a challenge. What Are The Three Types Of Forests? -old-growth or primary forest -36% of the worlds forests -second growth forest -60% of the worlds forest -tree plantation, tree farm or commercial forest -4% of the worlds forest -may supply most of the industrial wood in the future. Value of Forests -ecological value: provides habitats for organisms, source of biodiversity, prevents erosion, purify water, store carbon, release oxygen. -economic value:timber for lumber and fuel, source of food, raw material for many medicines. Selection Systems
-relatively few trees are cut at once under a selection system -selection can involve widely spaced trees or groups. -benefits: more biodiverse uneven-aged regrowth, less overall environmental damage. -costs: machinery disturbs forest interior, expensive process, more dangerous for loggers. Threats to Forests -increases erosion -sediment runoff into waterways -habitat fragmentation -loss of biodiversity Deforestation -Unlike timber harvesting, deforestation replaces forested areas with some other land use, such as commercial or residential property. -Deforestation in tropical and arid regions has the most negative effects due to loss of biodiversity and desertification risk respectively. Globally, deforestation adds CO2 to Earth’s atmosphere |
Timber Harvesting Methods
-Three methods: clear cutting, seed-tree or shelterwood approach, and selection system. -may result in even-aged or uneven-aged regrowth -even-aged regrowth tends to be less biodiverse than uneven-aged regrowth. Clear Cutting -involves cutting down all trees in a region resulting in even-aged stands of regrowth. -changes abiotic conditions in the area including light penetration precipitation wind and temperature. -benefit: cost efficient -costs:entire communities usually displaced or destroyed causes soil erosion. Seed-Tree and Shelterwood Approaches -seed-tree: small numbers of mature healthy trees are left standing to reseed the area. -shelterwood: involves leaving a few mature trees standing to provide shelter for seedlings. -benefits: less damaging than clear cutting -cost: as with clear cutting leads to mostly even-aged regrowth What Kind Of Things Can Threaten forests
-surface fires -usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth -may provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after fire -crown fires -extremely hot, burns whole trees -kill wildfire -increase soil erosion -introductions of foreign diseases and insects -accidental -deliberate -global warming -rising temperatures -trees more susceptible to diseases and pests -drier forests: more fires -more greenhouse gases |
The Lorax
Choose two of the following questions to reflect upon and write about on your “Forestry Page underneath the heading “I Speak for the Trees!”
2. What did the Once-ler mean by “UNLESS”? What responsibility does he seem to think “someone like you” needs to take? What kind of things can we do today to ensure that trees will be available for all different purposes in the future? He meant that the kid can plant the last seed that that kid was someone who cared enough to take care of it. To not be ignorant and cut all of them down.
3. Compare the Once-ler’s attitude toward the environment at the beginning of the story with his attitude at the end.His attitude is nothing but knowing he can get rich from these thneeds, Seemed very guilty.
4. The Once-ler explains his actions by saying “If I didn’t do it, someone else would.” Is this a good excuse for doing what he did? And why?No, its not at all, because he doesn’t know if someone would he just saw an opportunity to get rich.
5. The Lorax says he speaks for the trees. What does this mean to you? What is the Lorax’s attitude at the end of the story?It means that the trees have no voice, they can’t speak and tell the Once-ler to stop, so this Lorax is here to speak for them and warn him. Sad.
6. What seems to be Dr. Seuss’ purpose in writing this fable? (A fable is a fictional story that teaches a lesson.)That we probably should stop feeling so confident in how many trees we are cutting in this day an age.
On the same page.. write either an alternative ending to the Lorax or a sequel to the Lorax
Write a alternative ending to the Lorax with a more positive outcome for the Truffula tree and ecosystem
Or
Write a sequel to the Lorax that might explain how the Truffula tree made a comeback through replanting and proper forest management while still being used to make Thneeds.
The Lorax said “I speak for the trees, why will no one listen to me? Do you see what you’ve done, what you’ve become? Once-ler you need to save at least some.” The Once-ler thought hard and hard he thought, “Maybe I have been doing a lot.” So he looked at this begging Lorax and tipped his hat and called out “Stop what youre doing, stop doing that! WE must come to an end and save the trees so that we don’t regret it and fall to our knees.” He looked at the Lorax and made a small smile, for he hadn’t felt happy in quite a while. The Lorax let out a long sigh and glanced at the Once-ler who was now waving goodbye. “Where will you go now, now that you have saved the trees and I? Oh thank you so much I think I might cry.” The Once-ler looked down not knowing what to say, “I don’t know, maybe I’ll stay and soon I’ll return home, one day.” Lorax grabbed the end of his tail and away he went leaving a seed for the Once-ler to plant.
Choose two of the following questions to reflect upon and write about on your “Forestry Page underneath the heading “I Speak for the Trees!”
- How could the Once-ler have managed his company to protect natural resources and not run out of trees to manufacture “Thneeds”? Is it necessary to protect all the trees “from axes that hack”? Maybe by trying one of the logging techniques. Yes, they’re trees.
2. What did the Once-ler mean by “UNLESS”? What responsibility does he seem to think “someone like you” needs to take? What kind of things can we do today to ensure that trees will be available for all different purposes in the future? He meant that the kid can plant the last seed that that kid was someone who cared enough to take care of it. To not be ignorant and cut all of them down.
3. Compare the Once-ler’s attitude toward the environment at the beginning of the story with his attitude at the end.His attitude is nothing but knowing he can get rich from these thneeds, Seemed very guilty.
4. The Once-ler explains his actions by saying “If I didn’t do it, someone else would.” Is this a good excuse for doing what he did? And why?No, its not at all, because he doesn’t know if someone would he just saw an opportunity to get rich.
5. The Lorax says he speaks for the trees. What does this mean to you? What is the Lorax’s attitude at the end of the story?It means that the trees have no voice, they can’t speak and tell the Once-ler to stop, so this Lorax is here to speak for them and warn him. Sad.
6. What seems to be Dr. Seuss’ purpose in writing this fable? (A fable is a fictional story that teaches a lesson.)That we probably should stop feeling so confident in how many trees we are cutting in this day an age.
On the same page.. write either an alternative ending to the Lorax or a sequel to the Lorax
Write a alternative ending to the Lorax with a more positive outcome for the Truffula tree and ecosystem
Or
Write a sequel to the Lorax that might explain how the Truffula tree made a comeback through replanting and proper forest management while still being used to make Thneeds.
The Lorax said “I speak for the trees, why will no one listen to me? Do you see what you’ve done, what you’ve become? Once-ler you need to save at least some.” The Once-ler thought hard and hard he thought, “Maybe I have been doing a lot.” So he looked at this begging Lorax and tipped his hat and called out “Stop what youre doing, stop doing that! WE must come to an end and save the trees so that we don’t regret it and fall to our knees.” He looked at the Lorax and made a small smile, for he hadn’t felt happy in quite a while. The Lorax let out a long sigh and glanced at the Once-ler who was now waving goodbye. “Where will you go now, now that you have saved the trees and I? Oh thank you so much I think I might cry.” The Once-ler looked down not knowing what to say, “I don’t know, maybe I’ll stay and soon I’ll return home, one day.” Lorax grabbed the end of his tail and away he went leaving a seed for the Once-ler to plant.
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Mining
What Is Mining
-the extracting ore or minerals form the ground. -an ore is a natural material with high concentration of economically valuable minerals that can be mined for a profit. What Are The Two Types of Mines? -there are two types -the first is surface Mining -the second is Subsurface Mining Surface Mining -mineral deposits are on or near the surface of the earth and are removed -there are three types of surface mines but i will name four 1. -Open-Pit: removes large, near surface deposits of minerals such as gold and copper. Mined downward in layers 2. -Quarries: stone, crushed rock, sand, gravel 3. -Strip Mining: removing surface coal in strips up to 50m wide x 1 Km long 4. Mountain top removal Subsurface Mining -minerals are located too deep for surface mining -shafts and passageways are dug into the ground to reach the ones -the three types of subsurface mining are 1.Drift mine: going straight across through the mountain having pillars of wood hold it up. 2.Slope Mine: go in an angle, also has pillars of wood 3.Shaft Mine: drilling straight down into the earth and then mining across the area at the bottom, have giant rock cylinders to hold up the mountain. |
What Is Reclamation?
-mining can destroy or disturb habitats. -waste products can pollute water systems -when a mine is no longer being used the land should be returned to its original state or better= Reclamation -Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975 Why Do We Need Mines? -Houses -Cars -Toothpaste -Plumbing -Wiring -Planes -Electronics -Jewelry -Glass |
Coastal
Coastal Protection Management
-differentiate between hard engineering methods and soft engineering methods of coastal management. -evaluate the success of coastal protection management. What Is Hard Approach? 1. hard engineering approach (structural approach): -the construction of physical structures to defend against erosive power of waves. 2. soft engineering approach the non structural -focuses on planning and management so that both coastal areas and properties will not be damaged by erosion. -aims at changing individual behavior or latitudes towards coastal protection by encouraging minimal human interference. Hard Approach (Seawalls) -they are built along the coast to absorb the energy of waves before they can cause erosion. -they can be made of concrete rocks or wood. -they are especially in protecting cliffs form erosion. -however breakwaters -it can be built with one end attached to the coast or away from the coast. -they break the force of high energy waves before they reach the shore -when constructed offshore can create a zone of calm water behind them and allows deposition to occur, forming beaches. groynes -they are built at right angles to the shore to prevent longshore drift. -they absorb or reduce the energy of waves and cause materials to be deposited on the side of the groyne facing the longshore drift -however erosion can occur at places not protected by it. |
What Are Soft Approaches?(Beach Nourishment)
-the constant replenishment of large quantities of sand to the beach system. -is extended seawards which leads to the improvement of beach quality and storm protection. -costly to transport large quantities of sand to fill up the beach and sufficient sand is needed. -sand is being eroded and transported away by waves and wind and can affect wildlife, coral reefs at Waikiki beach in Hawaii. relocation of properties -no building of properties are allowed in coastal areas vulnerable to coastal erosion. -east coast of England has a green line policy that discourage building located beyond it. planting of mangroves -mangroves with their prop roots help trap sediments and reduce coastal erosion -as mangrove communities grow seawards they extend the coastal land seawards. STABILIZING DUNES -access points to the beach should be controlled and designated so as not to be disturbed by human traffic. -shrub trees can be planted to stabilize them. roots of trees reach downwards to trap groundwater. growth of coral reefs -artificial reefs can be created by placing environmentally friendly and long-lived materials like steel or concrete on the sea floor. -once the material is put in place living organisms start to grow on it. -mam-made reefs are as productive as natural reefs in enhancing fishing opportunities and serve as undersea barriers to reduce wave energy. |
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